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| __TOC__
| | #redirect [[PCC TF-1/EDER]] |
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| =Introduction=
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| ''This is a draft of the Emergency Department Encounter Record (EDER) supplement to the Patient Care Coordination Technical Framework. This draft is a work in progress, not the official supplement or profile.'' A copy of the original profile proposal is [http://wiki.ihe.net/images/0/0e/IHE_Profile_Proposal_%28Detailed%29_ED_Encounter_Record_V1_5.doc here].
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| ==Profile Abstract==
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| An Emergency Department "chart" is the entire collection of (multi-authored) documents and reports recording the assessments and care delivered by the entire ED team (including physicians, nurses, technologists and other providers) in response to an ED visit.
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| For the purposes of this integration profile, we define the Emergency Department Encounter Record (EDER) as a summary of the patient’s current health status and care rendered in the ED between arrival and ED departure. The EDER is not intended to replace the ED Chart as a complete, legal document of care, but is a collection of medical summaries with focused scope that are produced to fulfill a number of collaborative transfers of care.
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| ==Issue Log==
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| ===Open Issues===
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| # New LOINC codes for data elements<br/> | |
| #* ED Referral Note<br/>
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| #* Pre-hospital Care Note (EMS Note)<br/>
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| #* ED Triage Note<br/>
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| #* ED Triage Note<br/>
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| #* Procedure Performed<br/>
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| ===Closed Issues===
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| # The EDER is a multi-authored (but singly attested?) document. How should this best be implemented/reflected: Document to be attested to by ED attending physician.<br/>
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| # Patients frequently leave the ED prior to documentation being finalized. Triggers in workflow vary. How should the Draft vs. Final Status be handled: Only final documents will be posted to XDS. <br/>
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| # Potential for multiple entries: using folders, multiple sections do not occur.<br/>
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| # Timetable for CCD harmonization: done<br/>
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| # Target systems discussion: use case defined as EDIS posts to XDS. <br/>
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| # Use of Co-occurrence Constraint [Conditional Restraint] for Disposition elements: Yes.<br/>
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| # Snomed vs. DEEDS for Disposition: DEEDS <br/>
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| ==Glossary==
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| ; Acuity Assessment : Also known as triage category, this is the acuity of the patient assigned during the process of ED triage. A number of evidenced based triage scales exist, including the [http://www.ahrq.gov/research/esi/ Emergency Severity Index (ESI)], [http://www.caep.ca/template.asp?id=B795164082374289BBD9C1C2BF4B8D32 Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS)], the [http://www.acem.org.au/media/policies_and_guidelines/P06_Aust_Triage_Scale_-_Nov_2000.pdf Australasian Triage Scale (ATS)], and the Manchester Triage System. In many emergency departments, patients may simply be classified as ''emergent'', ''urgent'' or ''non-urgent''.
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| ; EDIS : An Emergency Department Information System (EDIS) is an extended EHR system used to manage data in support of Emergency Department patient care and operations. The functions of an EDIS may be provided by a single application or multiple applications.
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| ; Mode of Arrival : The method of transportation used to transport the patient to the Emergency Department.
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| ; Referral Source : An individual, group, or agency that determined the patient should seek care at the ED. Referral source may be used to determine appropriate discharge referrals and services, or to provide surveillance data for program and service planning, or to examine referral patterns.
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| ==Systems==
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| *The Emergency Department Information System (EDIS) will produce an emergency department encounter record.
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| *Both ambulatory and inpatient EHR-S will read and display this data.
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| ==Data Standards==
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| *Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems (DEEDS) 1.0
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| *HL7 Version 3
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| *HL7 CDA Release 2
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| *HL7 CDA CCD
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| *XML 1.0
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| *IHE - Primary Care to ED Referral Request (2006)
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| *IHE - Acute Care Discharge to Ambulatory Care Environment (2005)
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| *IHE - Pre-procedure History and Physical (2006)
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| ==Technical Approach==
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| The ED Encounter Record is a folder in XDS that defines a collection of documents. Separate content profiles must be created for the various kinds of documents that might be generated during an ED encounter. These content profiles include (existing and new):
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| * Triage Note
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| * Nursing Note
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| * ED Physician Note
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| * Pre-hospital Care Report
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| * Diagnostic Imaging Reports
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| * Laboratory Reports
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| * Consultation Reports
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| * Patient Consents for Treatment and Procedures
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| * Transfer Summary
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| * Summary of Death
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| As of this IHE cycle, we propose and define content profiles for Physician and Nursing documents within EDER.
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| It is expected that the transfers of care referred to in the use cases will occur in an environment where the EDIS, HIS, and Primary Care Physician EHR are coordinated within a Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO) environment or local community of care setting. As such a repository-based, or a peer-to-peer transfer of information is needed. It is expected that the XDS profile specified in the ITI Infrastructure domain would be the vehicle for transferring the EDER.
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| HL7 CDA for creating XML-based extractions of the EMR will be constrained appropriately to reflect the inclusion of the sections/elements denoted in this use case.
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| To ensure persistence of “care context” following the information transfer, an appropriate transformation Style Sheet (XSLT) will be described and included with the document. The subsequent care provider will use this transformed document as the default presentation option for the referral.
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| ==Risks==
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| Both small and large EDIS product vendors must easily implement the solution defined. Simplified, iterative implementation approaches may need to be considered when identifying the technical solution. The solution must be able to accommodate multiple levels of “consumers” of these transfers of care documents.
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| EHR-S or HIS vendors may choose not to engineer the ability to consume all elements in the EDER, but constrain machine readability to elements considered pertinent to their customers practice, such as new diagnoses, new prescriptions, medications administered during the visit, procedures performed, and disposition.
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| Finally, time to implementation may constrain scope and or quality. The healthcare industry and Congress actively promote both EMR utilization and interoperability by its care practitioners and healthcare facilities. ONC through HITSP are currently This translates to numerous community-wide and medical societal-wide initiatives for the introduction of healthcare technology solutions by their constituents. As a side effect, expediency of action is important in order to be out ahead of these initiatives as much as possible to lead them in their decision/selection process. Care must be taken to ensure that the technical solution is able to be implemented expediently and engineered for change as feedback from these early initiatives is absorbed and reacted to by the healthcare industry.
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| This work partially positions IHE to address the most recent AHIC challenge to ONC/HITSP for the development of an emergency response use case for EHR adoption, as the ED (and hence the ED encounter) figure prominently in the chain of information transfer outlined in the first drafts of this use case: http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/erehr.html.
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| ==Summary==
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| Data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there were over 110 million emergency department visits in 2004, making the emergency department (ED) chart (hereafter called encounter record) one of the most common medical summaries in use today. Currently, the ED encounter record remains largely a paper based artifact, and when produced by an Emergency Department information system (EDIS) is almost exclusively delivered as unstructured or loosely structured text.
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| The ED chart is used to communicate the details of an emergency department visit in a variety of ways. The chart is most frequently faxed or mailed to primary care providers, and is increasingly archived electronically to hospital clinical data repositories. The original (or a copy) must accompany the patient to the ward upon hospital admission where is can be reviewed by hospital providers, or a copy may be sent with the patient on transfer from ED to ED or from ED to other medical treatment facilities. Unfortunately, these frequently become lost or misplaced. ED encounter records have no standardized format, and may be frequently be difficult to read by users unfamiliar with their formatting. None yet carry any semantic meaning that could be consumed by a receiving EHR system (EHR-S).
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| The production and delivery of the ED encounter record solves a number of problems, including:
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| *Communication with and transfer of care back to the patient’s primary care physician.
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| *Communication with care providers in the inpatient setting for patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency department.
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| The ED encounter record could also be employed in:
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| *Transfer of information to hospital and provider billing systems.
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| *Transfer of information to regulatory and public health agencies requesting data from emergency department encounters.
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| ==References==
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| # [http://www.hl7.org/ehr/downloads/functionalProfile.asp Emergency Care Special Interest Group, Health Level 7:Emergency Department Information Systems (EDIS) Functional Profile. Draft Version 1.04 (3/2/2007)]
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| <br/>
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| =Volume 1=
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| <pre>Add the following bullet to the list of profiles</pre>
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| * Emergency Department Encounter Record (EDER) as a summary of the patient’s current health status and a summary of care rendered in the ED between arrival and ED departure. The EDER is not (yet) intended to replace the ED Chart as a complete, legal document of care, but is intended as a collection of medical summaries with focused scope that can be used to fulfill a number of collaborative transfers of care. The ED encounter record may include links to diagnostic tests performed during the ED encounter, as well as links to an initial ED referral (a 2006 IHE work product), prehospital (EMS) records (IHE roadmap 2008), and the consultations of other providers for patients seen in the ED.
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| ==Use Case==
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| ===Emergency Department Visit===
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| This use case presumes the patient is cared for at a hospital facility with an EDIS as well as a hospital information system. Additionally, the patient’s primary care provider is also assumed to posses an interoperable EHR system.
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| This use case begins upon the arrival of the patient to the emergency department. Data including mode of arrival, chief complaint, and other arrival data are manually entered into the EDIS. Additional data including past medical problems, medications and allergies, are obtained in one of the following ways:
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| # Entered manually into the EDIS by the triage nurse<br/>
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| # Imported from a legacy ED encounter within the EDIS<br/>
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| # Imported from the hospital information system or CDR, perhaps using [[Query for Existing Data]].<br/>
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| # Imported from an [[Emergency Department Referral]] (IHE 2006-2007)<br/>
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| # Imported from a prehospital EMS report (Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to Emergency Dept Data Transfer, [[PCC Roadmap]] 2008-2009) <br/>
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| The patient undergoes assessments by a triage nurse, is assigned a triage category (i.e. emergent, urgent, non-urgent). The patient is then registered and demographic data is obtained. One taken to the treatment area, the patient undergoes additional assessments by a primary RN, and seen by an ED physician who performs a history and physical, orders various diagnostic tests, determines a course of therapy, orders medications to be administered in the ED and performs procedures on the patient. Upon completion of ED care, the patient is either admitted to the hospital, discharged from the ED, or transferred to another facility. Hence, the use case can take one of three branches:
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| #If admitted, the EDER is sent to the hospital information system where it can be viewed by providers, or read by the EHR system so that medical summary data and details of care rendered in the ED available to inpatient providers. <br/>
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| #If the patient is discharged the EDER is sent to the patients primary care physician as a summary of care rendered during the ED encounter. <br/>
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| #If the patient is transferred to another facility, the EDER is posted to the RHIO and made available for providers at the receiving facility. <br/>
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| ===Real-Life Example===
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| Mr. John Smith, a longstanding patient of Dr. Mark Klein, is 62 year old man with hypertension and diabetes who awoke with acute onset of fever, right-sided chest pain and cough. He presents to the IHE ED via EMS where he is triaged by nurse Karen Ross who collects his past medical history, medications, allergies, mode of arrival, and inputs this data into the EDIS.
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| Mr. Smith is taken directly to the treatment area where he is assigned to nurse Barbara Reiter who obtains vital signs, baseline pulse oximetry, places the patient on oxygen, and obtains IV access. She documents her assessments and interventions in the EDIS. The patient is seen by Dr. William Reed who performs and records a history and physical examination, orders an ECG, chest radiograph, CBC, electrolytes, and blood cultures. The chest radiograph reveals bi-lobar pneumonia and the ECG is slightly abnormal. Ceftriaxone 1gm IV plus Azythromycin 500mg PO are administered.
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| After multiple attempts by Dr. Reed to contact Dr. Klein, Mr. Smith is admitted to a intermediate care bed under the care of Dr. Herman Edwards the IHE hospitalist.
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| Upon hospital admission, Dr. Reed completes the record and, as the responsible attending physician, electronically signs the ED chart authenticating the EDER. The initial ED attending physician to see the patient is by default the legal authenticator, and may only delegate this responsibility to another provider through a formal transfer of care. The EDER is posted to the RHIO and also sent to the hospital information system. Using the HIS, the nurse on the intermediate care ward accesses the record and notes the time and administration of antibiotics. When Dr. Klein reaches the office in the morning, his office EHR-S notifies him that his patient was seen in the IHE ED the previous night, and displays the ED encounter record.
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| ==Actors==
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| * [[Content Creator]]
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| * [[Content Consumer]]
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| =Volume 2=
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| ==IHE Content Modules==
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| == Folder Content Specification ==
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| {{:X-EDERFolderLOINC}}
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| ===CDA Release 2.0 Content Modules===
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| {{:1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.5.3.1.1.13.1.1}}
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| {{:1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.5.3.1.1.13.1.2}}
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| {{:1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.5.3.1.1.13.1.3}}
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| {{:1.3.6.1.4.1.19376.1.5.3.1.1.13.1.4}}
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